{"id":727,"date":"2022-12-26T07:04:22","date_gmt":"2022-12-26T07:04:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/whaleversed.com\/?p=727"},"modified":"2023-11-16T05:31:36","modified_gmt":"2023-11-16T05:31:36","slug":"%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0%ef%bd%9c%e5%8f%99%e4%ba%8b%e7%96%97%e6%b3%95","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/whaleversed.com\/?p=727","title":{"rendered":"\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\uff5c\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u57f9\u8bad\u4e2d\u5199\u4e86 \u201c\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6d41\u6d3e\u5fc3\u7406\u54a8\u8be2\u201d 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Winnicott\uff09\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u63d0\u51fa\u3002\u5728\u6e29\u5c3c\u8003\u7279\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u591f\u597d\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6ee1\u8db3\u5979\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u7684\u7231\u62a4\u8db3\u4ee5\u8ba9\u5b69\u5b50\u5065\u5eb7\u6210\u957f\u4e00\u8ddf\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5173\u5fc3\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u603b\u662f\u9762\u9762\u4ff1\u5230\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7559\u7ed9\u5b69\u5b50\u4efb\u4f55\u7cbe\u795e\u7a7a\u95f4\u53bb\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2a\u6027\u3002\u2026\u2026\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u591f\u597d\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u4e3a\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u548c\u6a21\u68f1\u4e24\u53ef\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c55\u73b0\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u7f1d\u9699\u7684\u3001\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d9\u8ff0\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5bf9\u542c\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5f3a\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-3-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:14px\">\u2014\u2014\u8d3a\u8427\uff0c<em>\u300a\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u6027\u522b\uff1a\u519c\u6751\u5987\u5973\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u96c6\u4f53\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u300b<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u7b80\u4ecb<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:14px\">\n<p>\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u751f\u6d3b\u6545\u4e8b\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<cite>Michael White, \u300a\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u5b9e\u8df5\u5730\u56fe\u300b<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u65e9\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u53f2\u524d\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f1a\u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b\u4e86\uff1b\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u80fd\u529b\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5f81\u670d\u5176\u5b83\u7269\u79cd\uff0c\u628a\u5730\u7403\u6380\u4e2a\u5e95\u671d\u5929\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-802e906c6e24ce14afde6ea51dd73b2f\">\u5c24\u74e6\u5c14\u00b7\u8d6b\u62c9\u5229\u5728\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/25985021\/\" title=\"\">\u4eba\u7c7b\u7b80\u53f2<\/a>\u300b\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u516b\u5366\u201d 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\u201c\u4e3b\u6d41\u8bba\u8ff0\u201d \u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u5c40\u9650\u3001\u538b\u8feb\u7740\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u81ea\u8eab\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u529b\u56fe\u5bfb\u627e \u201c<strong>\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u652f\u7ebf\u6545\u4e8b<\/strong>\u201d \u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u91cc\u90fd\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u88ab\u6211\u4eec\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u3001\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u8c01\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff1b\u8bb8\u591a\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u77ac\u95f4\u4e2d\u90fd\u8574\u542b\u7740\u88ab \u201c\u4e3b\u6d41\u6545\u4e8b\u201d \u6240\u63a9\u76d6\u7684\u3001\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u81ea\u8eab\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u5373\u662f\u8981\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d1\u6398\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u7ebf\uff0c\u5c06\u6545\u4e8b\u7ebf\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u901a\u8fc7\u66f4\u591a\u5143\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u4e30\u5bcc\u3001\u7acb\u4f53\u5730\u53d9\u8ff0\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u4e2d\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5b9d\u8d35\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:45px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u91cd\u8981\u6280\u672f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-link-color wp-elements-d03d8a2fd659fd76b8a808cb12e4049f\">\u8fd9\u4e00\u8282\u6211\u4e3b\u8981\u53c2\u8003\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/6938053\/\" title=\"\">\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u5b9e\u8df5\u5730\u56fe<\/a>\u300b\u5199\u4f5c\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u4e5f\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u6211\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u91cd\u590d\u300a\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u5b9e\u8df5\u5730\u56fe\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u3001\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00 Michael White \u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5<em>\u4e0d\u5e94\u6709\u552f\u4e00 \u201c\u771f\u6b63\u201d \u6216 \u201c\u6b63\u786e\u201d \u7684\u6307\u5357<\/em>\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8bbe\u4e4b\u4e00\u4fbf\u662f \u201c\u4e3b\u6d41\u201d \u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u5c40\u9650\u7740\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u8b66\u60d5\u67d0\u79cd\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u7684\u6307\u5357\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u59cb\u7ec8\u8981\u8bd5\u7740\u7406\u89e3\u6211\u4eec\u9762\u524d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b64\u4eba\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684 \u201c<strong>\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08local knowledge\uff09<\/strong>\u201d \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d \u6700\u521d\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6 Clifford Geertz \u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u6307\u6d89\u67d0\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08\u5982\u90e8\u843d\uff09\u7279\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f53\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0d\u5e94\u88ab\u6807\u5b9a\u4e3a 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<strong>\u201c\u89e3\u6784\u5f0f\u7684\u503e\u542c\u4e0e\u95ee\u8bdd\u201d<\/strong>\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u89e3\u6784\u88ab\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u770b\u4f5c\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u2014\u2014\u4f7f\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6240\u8c13\u7684 \u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d \u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5efa\u6784\u2014\u2014\u53d9\u4e8b\u6cbb\u7597\u5e08\u8bd5\u56fe\u548c\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u63a2\u7d22\u539f\u672c\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u7684 \u201c\u95ee\u9898\u201d 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\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bb8\u591a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u906d\u9047\u7684 \u201c\u95ee\u9898\u201d \u662f\u5bb9\u6613\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\uff1a\u4eba\u4eec\u6df1\u9677\u56f0\u5883\u65f6\uff0c\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8ba4\u4e3a <em>\u201c\u6211\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u201d<\/em>\u3001<em>\u201c\u6211\u6709\u6027\u683c\u95ee\u9898\u201d<\/em>\u3001<em>\u201c\u6211\u662f\u4e2a\u51fa\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4eba\u201d<\/em>\u3001<em>\u201c\u6211\u6709\u6bdb\u75c5\u201d<\/em> \u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u5c06\u95ee\u9898\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u8be5\u4e2a\u4f53\u5185\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e2a\u4f53\u4ea7\u751f\u65e0\u529b\u611f\u3001\u5931\u53bb\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u662f \u201c\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u53ea\u6709\u522b\u4eba\u6765\u6cbb\u6211\u3001\u6539\u53d8\u6211\uff0c\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u53c8\u80fd\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u529e\u6cd5\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u5916\u5316\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d \u5219\u8bd5\u56fe\u4f20\u8fbe\u6b64\u6838\u5fc3\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a<strong>\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u4f60\u4e0d\u662f\u95ee\u9898\uff09\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u624d\u662f\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u5916\u5316\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d \u628a\u95ee\u9898\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684 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style=\"background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8)\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u8ffd\u6eaf\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5386\u53f2<\/mark>\u3002\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u53ef\u80fd\u95ee\uff1a<em>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\uff1f\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff1f\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u5b83\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u53c8\u4e0d\u592a\u4e25\u91cd\uff1f<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u7684<strong>\u8d77\u6e90\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u53d8\u5316<\/strong>\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u7684<strong> \u201c\u53ef\u53d8\u6027\u201d <\/strong>\u5c31\u88ab\u51f8\u663e\u51fa\u6765\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u80fd\u591f\u5e2e\u52a9\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u4e0d\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u3001\u4e00\u4ee5\u8d2f\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3\uff09<mark style=\"background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8)\" 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<em>\u201c\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4eba\u201d<\/em>\uff0c\u800c\u662f <em>\u201c\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u548c\u95ee\u9898\u640f\u6597\u7684\u4eba\u201d<\/em>\u3002\u626e\u6f14\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u5219\u53cd\u9988\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u611f\u5230 \u201c\u539f\u8c05\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf\u4e4b\u524d\u90a3\u4e48\u81ea\u8d23\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u91cd\u89c6\u4f8b\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u90e8\u5206\u63d0\u5230\u8fc7\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u9075\u5faa\u4e3b\u6d41\u8bba\u8ff0\u6765\u4e32\u8054\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3001\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5219\u4e0d\u662f\u3002Michael White \u7528\u4f18\u7f8e\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9ad8\u5ea6\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u6311\u9009\u51fa\u719f\u6089\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u7ed9\u5b83\u4eec\u8d4b\u4e88\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4f46\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4f53\u9a8c\u53ea\u4f1a\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u4e00\u95ea\u800c\u8fc7\uff0c\u5760\u5165\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u865a\u7a7a\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u6709\u53d6\u820d\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u95ee\u9898\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u4e0b\u9009\u53d6\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u7ebf\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u4f5c\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3001\u65e0\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u65f6\uff0c\u6545\u4e8b\u7ebf\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u675f\u7f1a\u4f4f\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bd5\u7740\u53bb\u770b\u4e00\u770b\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5168\u8c8c\uff0c\u62e3\u9009\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5076\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6765\u4f5c\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u771f\u6b63\u53d1\u6325\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\u73a9\u7684 \u201c\u8fde\u7ebf\u753b\u201d \u6e38\u620f\uff1a\u628a\u6563\u843d\u5728\u7eb8\u4e0a\u7684\u70b9\u8fde\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5c31\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4e32\u8054\u8d77\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u70b9\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u56fe\u50cf\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u53d9\u4e8b\u6cbb\u7597\u4e2d\uff0c\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u9700\u8981\u548c\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u5171\u540c\u5bfb\u627e\u7684\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f52\u5165 \u201c\u6211\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u201d \u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u7ebf\u7684<strong>\u7279\u6b8a\u65f6\u523b<\/strong>\uff1a\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u60c5\u5883\u3001\u4ec0\u4e48\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u662f\u4e0e\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u76f8\u6096\u7684\uff1f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u91cd\u89c6\u4f8b\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d 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\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u53eb\u505a \u201c\u4f8b\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5076\u5c14\u53d1\u751f\u3001\u4e14\u65e0\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u5c06\u8fdb\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u63d0\u95ee\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\uff09<mark style=\"background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8)\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u9080\u8bf7\u6765\u8bbf\u4e3a\u4f8b\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u547d\u540d<\/mark>\u3002\u5982\u540c\u5916\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4e2d\u8bf7\u6765\u8bbf\u4e3a\u95ee\u9898\u547d\u540d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u4e5f\u8981\u4e0e\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u5546\u8ba8\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u3001\u63a5\u8fd1\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u6ce8\u91cd\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5411\u6765\u597d\u60f9\u662f\u751f\u975e\u7684\u4eba\u67d0\u5929\u6210\u529f\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u66f4\u660e\u667a\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6b64\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u638c\u63a7\u81ea\u5df1\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u80fd\u66f4\u5f00\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u5546\u8ba8\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u4fbf\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u8f7b\u7387\u5730\u63a8\u65ad\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5bf9\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bf7\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7684\u6df1\u5c42\u5185\u6db5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2\uff09<mark style=\"background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8)\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u63cf\u7ed8\u4f8b\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/mark>\u3002\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u77e5\uff1f\u672a\u6765\u8fd8\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63d0\u95ee\u628a\u4f8b\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7eb3\u5165\u4e00\u6761\u201c\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u7ebf\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u662f\u53cd\u5e38\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u751f\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3\uff09<mark style=\"background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8)\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u8bc4\u4f30\u4f8b\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/mark>\u3002\u540c \u201c\u5916\u5316\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d 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\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u88ab\u6253\u7834\u611f\u5230\u60ca\u5947\u3001\u7591\u60d1\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u7d22\u80fd\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5398\u6e05\u4f8b\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u610f\u6db5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4\uff09<mark style=\"background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8)\" class=\"has-inline-color\">\u8bf7\u6765\u8bbf\u8bba\u8bc1\u8bc4\u4f30<\/mark>\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6765\u8bbf\u884c\u52a8\u548c\u611f\u53d7\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u2014\u2014\u6240\u73cd\u89c6\u7684\u3001\u6240\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u60f3\u8981\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u3002\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u4f1a\u95ee\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\uff1a<em>\u4f60\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u559c\u6b22\/\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u611f\u53d7\uff1f<\/em>\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u9080\u8bf7\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u8bb2\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u5f80\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u53d8\u5316\u6301\u6b63\u9762\u6216\u8d1f\u9762\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u6539\u5199\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p>\u6cbb\u7597\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u521b\u4f5c\u5177\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u3002\u2026\u2026\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u6cbb\u7597\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u90a3\u4e9b\u6263\u4eba\u5fc3\u5f26\u7684\u7ed3\u70b9\uff0c\u8c03\u52a8\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c55\u5f00\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u6539\u5199\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u8ba9\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u770b\u5230\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<cite>Michael White, \u300a\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u5b9e\u8df5\u5730\u56fe\u300b<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f53\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u53d1\u6398\u51fa\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u5c31\u80fd\u5f15\u5bfc\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u5c55\u65b0\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u201c\u6539\u5199\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d \u5373\u662f\u5e2e\u52a9\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u5199\u4e0b \u201c\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u652f\u7ebf\u6545\u4e8b\u201d \u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u60c5\u8282\u5e94\u7ec6\u7ec6\u63a2\u7a76\u6765\u9f99\u53bb\u8109\uff0c\u5e76\u51f8\u663e\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\uff09\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u5f53\u65f6<strong>\u505a\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48<\/strong>\uff1f\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u4eba\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u5c42\u9762\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2\uff09\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684<strong>\u6db5\u4e49<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff1f\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f53\u5176\u4e2d\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u5e76\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u65b0\u7684 \u201c\u652f\u7ebf\u6545\u4e8b\u201d \u7684\u65c5\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u523b\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3001\u529b\u91cf\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u522b\u7684\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u770b\u91cd\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5462\uff1f\u8fd8\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u523b\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u4e5f\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff1f\u901a\u8fc7\u53d1\u6398\u8fd9\u6761\u66f4\u6709\u529b\u91cf\u611f\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8<strong> \u201c\u652f\u7ebf\u6545\u4e8b\u201d <\/strong>\u4f1a\u4ee3\u66ff\u5448\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\u7684<strong> \u201c\u4e3b\u6d41\u6545\u4e8b\u201d<\/strong>\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u65b0\u7684 \u201c<strong>\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6545\u4e8b<\/strong>\u201d \uff1b\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u5728\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u8ba4\u53ef\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u624d\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u751f\u547d\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u7ed8\u753b\u8005\u3002\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u4f1a\u9f13\u52b1\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u53bb\u5173\u6ce8\u90a3\u4e9b\u539f\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u8fde\u8d77\u6765\u3001\u56ca\u62ec\u5728\u56fe\u753b\u4e2d\u7684\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u4f55\u8fde\u63a5\u5b83\u4eec\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6743\u5229\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u5e94\u5f53\u786e\u4fdd\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u56de\u5851\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u5f3a\u8c03 \u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u6211\u201d \u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u56de\u5851\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d \u53cd\u5176\u9053\u800c\u884c\u4e4b\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03<strong>\u81ea\u6211\u662f\u5728\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5f62\u5851\u800c\u6210\u7684<\/strong>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u63a2\u7d22\u81ea\u8eab\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6765\u5851\u9020\u4e30\u539a\u7684\u3001\u591a\u89d2\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u56de\u5851\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d \u539f\u6587\u662f \u201cre-membering conversation\u201d \uff1b\u201cre-member\u201d \u4e00\u8bcd\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u662f\u770b\u4f3c\u56de\u5fc6\u53c8\u5e76\u975e\u7b80\u5355\u56de\u5fc6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u662f<strong>\u91cd\u65b0\uff08re-\uff09\u5c06\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u7eb3\u5165\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u53d9\u4e8b\u3001\u53d8\u6210\u81ea\u5df1 \u201c\u4eba\u751f\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u201d \u7684\u4e00\u5458\uff08member\uff09<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>White \u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u4e00\u76f4\u8ba9\u4eba\u5931\u671b\u7684\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u4e03\u5c81\u65f6\u89c1\u5230\u4e86\u6bcd\u4eb2\u81ea\u6740\uff0c\u5bf9\u6bcd\u4eb2\u629b\u5f03\u81ea\u5df1\u800c\u6124\u6012\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u65ad\u9677\u5165\u81ea\u6bc1\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u4ee5\u6446\u8131\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u521b\u4f24\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u54a8\u8be2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0cWhite \u4e0e\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u91cd\u65b0\u63a2\u7d22\u2014\u2014\u91cd\u5851\uff08re-member\uff09\u2014\u2014\u4e86\u6bcd\u4eb2\u81ea\u6740\u524d\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u4e0e\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u5988\u5988\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u7acb\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5988\u5988\u66fe\u7ecf\u5bf9\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u4e0d\u518d\u611f\u5230\u90a3\u4e48\u5b64\u72ec\u65e0\u52a9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u91cd\u5efa\u4e86\u5bf9\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u6280\u672f\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e4b\u4eba\u662f<strong>\u4e92\u76f8\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong>\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5355\u65b9\u9762\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86 \u201c\u6069\u60e0\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u4f1a\u4e0e\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\uff09<strong>\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u4f60\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff1f<\/strong>\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c<strong>\u4f60\u80fd\u591f\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u81ea\u5df1<\/strong>\uff08\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u600e\u6837\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\uff09\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2\uff09<strong>\u4f60\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff1f<\/strong>\u4f60\u5e26\u6765\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u5f62\u6210\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. 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\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u91cd\u8ff0\u4e0d\u662f\u70b9\u8bc4\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c40\u5916\u89c1\u8bc1\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210 \u201c\u5938\u5938\u7fa4\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u5c40\u5916\u89c1\u8bc1\u4eba\u8ba4\u771f\u503e\u542c\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u8bb2\u8ff0\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u51fa\uff1a\u6545\u4e8b\u4e2d<strong>\u5438\u5f15\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u90e8\u5206<\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u6545\u4e8b\u8fd8\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1<strong>\u8054\u60f3\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48<\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u6545\u4e8b<strong>\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong>\u3002\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u5bf9\u5c40\u5916\u89c1\u8bc1\u4eba \u201c\u91cd\u8ff0\u7684\u91cd\u8ff0\u201d \u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u590d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u901a\u8fc7<strong>\u53cd\u590d\u7684\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e0e\u53d9\u8bf4<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e2a\u6848\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u63a5\u89e6\u591a\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u66f4\u591a\u5143\u5316\u3001\u53bb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5efa\u6784\u81ea\u5df1\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u6280\u672f\u662f\u6211\u5728\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u6700\u5e0c\u671b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002\u6211\u5bf9\u4e8e\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u3001\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u3001\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u76f8\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u7279\u522b\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff1b\u6211\u4e5f\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5185\u6838\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5176\u5b83\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \u652f\u6491\u6027\u5bf9\u8bdd<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u652f\u6491\u6027\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d \u662f\u5bf9\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6 Lev Vygotsky \u63d0\u51fa\u7684 <strong>\u201c\u6700\u8fd1\u53d1\u5c55\u533a\u201d\uff08Zone of Proximal Development\uff09<\/strong>\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u201c\u6700\u8fd1\u53d1\u5c55\u533a\u201d \u7406\u8bba\u6700\u521d\u662f\u5bf9\u513f\u7ae5\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u513f\u7ae5\u6709 \u201c\u65e0\u9700\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e5f\u80fd\u72ec\u7acb\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u4e8b\u201d \uff0c\u4e5f\u6709 \u201c\u73b0\u9636\u6bb5\u8fd8\u5b8c\u5168\u505a\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u4e8b\u201d \uff1b\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fd8\u6709 \u201c\u5927\u4eba\u5728\u65c1\u5e2e\u52a9\u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u7684\u4e8b\u201d \u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a \u201c\u4f9d\u9760\u5e2e\u52a9\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5230\u201d \u7684\u533a\u95f4\u5c31\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a \u201c\u6700\u8fd1\u53d1\u5c55\u533a\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u76f4\u63a5\u8981\u6c42\u5b69\u5b50\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u76ee\u524d\u8fd8\u505a\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u53ea\u4f1a\u611f\u5230\u632b\u8d25\uff1b\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u4e3a\u5b69\u5b50 \u201c\u642d\u5efa\u811a\u624b\u67b6\u201d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u4efb\u52a1\u62c6\u89e3\u6210\u5c0f\u6b65\u9aa4\u3001\u9002\u65f6\u5730\u63d0\u793a\u548c\u9f13\u52b1\u7b49\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u5c31\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Michael White \u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u54a8\u8be2\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528 \u201c\u6700\u8fd1\u53d1\u5c55\u533a\u201d \u3002\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u5374\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u56f0\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u65e7\u6709\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u91cc\u3002\u5982\u679c\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u652f\u6491\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5c31\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e00\u4e2a \u201c\u6700\u8fd1\u53d1\u5c55\u533a\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5230\u8fbe\u80fd\u72ec\u7acb\u5904\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5f7c\u5cb8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u8fd0\u7528\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u65f6\uff0c\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u5e94\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u96be\u5ea6\u7ea7\u522b\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u6307\u660e\u67d0\u4ef6\u4f8b\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u6216\u8bb8\u4e0d\u7b97\u592a\u96be\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u5f52\u7eb3\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u7ebf\u5c31\u66f4\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u5e94\u6ce8\u610f\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u9047\u5230\u56f0\u96be\u2014\u2014\u5982\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u56de\u7b54 \u201c\u6211\u4e5f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6211\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u600e\u4e48\u56de\u7b54\u201d \u7b49\u2014\u2014\u5e76<strong>\u964d\u4f4e\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u96be\u5ea6<\/strong>\uff0c\u5982\u63d0\u4f9b\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u3001\u9080\u8bf7\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u52a0\u5165\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u54a8\u8be2\u5e08\u4e5f\u5e94\u8b66\u89c9\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u7b80\u5355\u7c97\u66b4\u7684\u6d88\u6781\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u5982\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6765\u8bbf\u8005\u662f \u201c\u65e0\u80fd\u7684\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u62bd\u8c61\u601d\u7ef4\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u201d \u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:45px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7ed3\u8bed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u2014\u2014\u53d9\u4e8b\u6cbb\u7597\u5e08\u4eec\u654f\u9510\u5730\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684 \u201c\u95ee\u9898\u201d \u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u6240\u5904\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8109\u7edc\u4e2d\u5efa\u6784\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e00\u57fa\u672c\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u80fd\u591f\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2a\u4f53\u770b\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f \u201c\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\u5219\u662f\u4e66\u5199\u81ea\u5df1\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u5904\u7406\u81ea\u5df1\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6781\u5927\u5730\u53d1\u6398\u4eba\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u53d9\u4e8b\u6cbb\u7597\u5e08\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e66\u5199\u81ea\u5df1\u751f\u547d\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e66\u5199\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u201c\u53d9\u4e8b\u201d \u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff1b\u5f53\u6211\u8bb2\u8ff0\u81ea\u5df1\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u542c\u5230\u3001\u88ab\u770b\u5230\u3001\u88ab\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u6cbb\u7597\u4e2d\u7eb3\u5165\u5bb6\u4eba\u670b\u53cb\u3001\u793e\u533a\u793e\u7fa4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u662f\u865a\u5047\u7684\uff1b\u5b83\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6709\u7740\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">-\ud83d\udc33-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:45px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8d3a\u8427. (2017). <em>\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u6027\u522b\uff1a\u519c\u6751\u5987\u5973\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u96c6\u4f53\u5316\u5386\u53f2<\/em> (\u5f20\u8d5f, Trans.). \u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Geertz, Clifford (1983).&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?vid=ISBN0465041620&amp;id=nrJZTn-SINUC\">Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology<\/a>.<\/em>&nbsp;Basic Books (2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>White, M. (2019). <em>\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u5b9e\u8df5\u5730\u56fe<\/em> (\u674e\u660e, \u66f9\u674f\u5a25, &amp; \u515a\u9759\u96ef, Trans.). \u91cd\u5e86\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u2014\u2014\u53d9\u4e8b\u6cbb\u7597\u5e08\u4eec\u654f\u9510\u5730\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684 \u201c\u95ee\u9898\u201d \u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4e2a\u4f53\u6240\u5904\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8109\u7edc\u4e2d\u5efa\u6784\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e00\u57fa\u672c\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u53d9\u4e8b\u7597\u6cd5\u80fd\u591f\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2a\u4f53\u770b\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f \u201c\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\u5219\u662f\u4e66\u5199\u81ea\u5df1\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u5904\u7406\u81ea\u5df1\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6781\u5927\u5730\u53d1\u6398\u4eba\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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